12 world top new energy vehicle motor suppliers!-Xinda Motor- electric motors and EV accessories supplier|INDEX--

12 world top new energy vehicle motor suppliers!

Date：2022-11-19　　　Author：XINDA MOTOR

The core technology that distinguishes new energy vehicles from traditional gasoline vehicles is the "three electrics": drive motor, power battery and vehicle electronic control, which can be said to be the three hearts of new energy vehicles.

While many new car manufacturers claim that they have mastered the "three electric" technologies, incidents of spontaneous combustion of electric vehicles on the road continue to occur. For example, one month ago, one of the trial vehicles in the WM Motor Research Institute caught fire and spontaneous combustion.

Behind the spontaneous combustion incident of new energy vehicles is doubts about the maturity of the core technology of the product. From the perspective of core three-electric technology and product safety, the threshold here is actually very high. No matter at home or abroad, enterprises still need to continuously invest a lot of research and development here.

Drive motor, as one of the three core components of new energy vehicles, has higher technical requirements than traditional industrial motors, and it is also a research and development direction that vehicle companies currently value.

1. Foreign traditional auto parts suppliers

1. Siemens (SIEMENS)

Company name: Siemens AG

Location: Germany

Founded: 1847

Research direction: Focus on the field of electrical and electronic engineering of electrification, automation and digitalization

Main products: Siemens' products focus on electric motors for electric and hybrid drives, ranging from 30 kW to 170 kW.

1. SIVETEC induction motor

Through innovation, SIVETEC induction motors achieve a higher power density, up to 95%.

SIVETEC permanent magnet motor

The permanent magnet synchronous motor has an energy efficiency of up to 96%, which is the best solution for applications with limited space but high power requirements. Siemens can apply its extensive experience in the field of industrial applications to PM technology to develop and realize many visions of the automotive industry.

Cooperative enterprises: Valeo, Shanghai Sunwin Bus, Green Packet, BAIC New Energy, Volvo Cars, Kia Motors, Volkswagen

Latest news: On January 18, 2018, Shanghai Zhonglianeng Innovative Energy Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Zhonglianengchuang") and Siemens reached a cooperation agreement on the localized production of electric drive systems for new energy commercial vehicles. The two parties will further deepen local cooperation on the basis of Siemens' global technology and development experience, and carry out localized production of Siemens' electric drive system technology.

In May 2018, Siemens announced to become a strategic partner of China's own brand new energy vehicle company "WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd." ("WM Motor"), helping WM Motor to comprehensively sort out the process and management of the product production cycle Implement a unified solution to build an innovative digital enterprise.

2. Hitachi Automotive Systems

Company Name: Hitachi Automotive Systems Co., Ltd.

Location: Japan

Founded: 1910

Research direction: Committed to household appliances, computer products, semiconductors, industrial machinery and other products, it is the largest comprehensive motor manufacturer in Japan.

Main products: As early as 1999, Hitachi began to put electric vehicle motors on the market. So far, the small, light-weight and high-power electric vehicle motor products developed by Hitachi have been widely used by global automobile manufacturers. Moreover, it is the only HEV drive system supplier in the world that can comprehensively provide motors, frequency converters, and transmission controllers as a supplier of comprehensive drive systems

Hitachi will gradually transform from the current engine-centered to the electric drive technology based on electric motors and inverters, helping to accelerate the development of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), electric vehicles (EV), and fuel cell vehicles (FCEV).

1. Hitachi's electric four-wheel drive system that realizes comprehensive and coordinated control of the driving force of the electric motor and the driving force of the engine

2. Permanent magnet motor

Partners: Honda, Chevrolet, etc.

The latest news: Honda and Hitachi Automotive Systems (Hitachi AMS) jointly formed a team in July 2017 to establish a joint venture company to develop, produce and sell electric vehicle drive motors; on September 7, 2018, its joint venture company Hitachi Automotive Motor Systems The groundbreaking ceremony of the production base was held in the state-level Zengcheng Economic and Technological Development Zone, and it is expected to be completed and put into production in two years.

3. Continental

Company name: Continental AG

Location: Germany

Founded: 1871

Research direction: The automotive business mainly focuses on the technology research of automotive tires, chassis and safety, body electronics, powertrain and other components

Main products: Continental's motor products include electrically excited synchronous motors, permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) and induction motors (IM)

Wait. Its high-voltage shaft drive system is highly integrated, integrating the motor, gearbox and power electronics. It can be applied to all performance levels from 80kW-130kW, and is widely used in various types of vehicles.

1. The power of the new electric drive system can reach 60kW-120kW, and it has good scalability, and is suitable for any vehicle, including plug-in hybrid vehicles and pure electric vehicles. In addition, it is compatible with asynchronous motors (ASM) and permanent magnet synchronous motors (PSM).

2. The third-generation high-voltage shaft drive system is a three-in-one highly integrated design integrating motor, reducer and inverter. Due to the omission of some high-voltage cables and connectors during integration, the weight is reduced by about 30%, and the cost is also relatively saved by 20%. It can be expanded up to 300kw and weighs only 75kg. This product is expected to be mass-produced in China in 2019.

Partners: Daimler, Baidu, NIO, FAW Jiefang, Didi Chuxing

Latest news: In July 2018, Continental and Didi Chuxing formally signed a strategic cooperation agreement. Based on Continental's advanced products and technologies in the field of Internet of Vehicles, rich experience in design and engineering research and development, and Didi's practical experience in the field of travel, the two parties will carry out projects in various forms in the field of intelligent networked vehicles and customized new energy vehicles Cooperation;

In July 2018, Continental announced that in early 2019, its powertrain division would be split into an independent entity. Meanwhile, the powertrain division will be launched in mid-2019;

At the 2018 Global Future Mobility Conference, which will open on September 20, Continental will showcase a series of electrification-related solutions.

4. Bosch

Company name: Bosch (BOSCH)

Location: Germany

Founded: 1886

Research direction: covering automotive, industrial technology, consumer goods, energy and construction technology and other aspects of component technology research.

main products:

1. In 2011, Bosch and Daimler established EM-motive, and the electric motors produced will be used in Mercedes-Benz and some small cars. By 2020, the joint venture is expected to produce 1 million electric motors.

2. Electric drive system eAxle

Mass production is expected in 2019, maximum output power: 50 - 300kW, maximum motor speed: 16000rpm. Can be installed in hybrid or pure electric vehicles,

Compared with traditional motors, Bosch's eAxle electric drive system can expand the modular platform, enabling rapid development of different power products and adapting them to different models, greatly shortening the development cycle, thereby bringing about 5%-10% cost-effectiveness. At the same time, the system can be highly integrated, and the volume is reduced by 20% compared with the traditional electric vehicle powertrain system.

Partners: Volkswagen, Daimler, BMW, Nikola, etc.

Latest news: On July 9, 2018, NIO and Bosch Group signed a strategic cooperation agreement in Berlin, Germany. The two parties will carry out key cooperation in the fields of sensor technology, autonomous driving, motor control and intelligent transportation systems.

Recently, Bosch announced plans to launch a series of drive motor products in 2019, which will be applied to pure electric freight vehicles with a total weight of 2 to 7.5 tons.

2. OEMs

2.1 BYD

Company Name: BYD Co., Ltd.

Location: Shenzhen, China

Founded: 1995

Research direction: In the automotive business, BYD focuses on technology research in vehicle manufacturing, mold research and development, model development, new energy, etc.; Product and technology research and development, as well as industry and market research, etc.

Main product: The motor developed and produced by BYD is a permanent magnet DC motor, which has been greatly improved in terms of efficiency and power density. However, its technical reserves and application fields are not yet mature, and the high cost of rare earth materials contained in permanent magnets has always been a persistent problem of permanent magnet synchronous motors.

1. Permanent magnet synchronous machine

Applied to BYD Yuan EV and other models, with a peak power of 160kW and a peak torque of 310Nm;

2. Motor control technology

BYD's drive motor adopts high-performance space vector pulse width modulation technology, more reliable IGBT drive protection technology, and high-precision rotary encoder to calculate the angular position of the motor rotor. Through the application of the above three free technologies, the safety, reliability and stability of BYD's new energy vehicles have been greatly improved.

Cooperative enterprises: BYD, Shenzhen Tengshi New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd. (a joint venture between BYD and Daimler)

The latest news: BYD's annual installed capacity is 91,858 units, which are mainly supplied to two car companies: BYD and its joint venture with Daimler. Among them, 87,734 BYD units were supplied throughout the year, accounting for more than 95.5%; 4,124 units were supplied to joint ventures;

On August 23, BYD signed an investment cooperation agreement to invest 10 billion yuan to build a power battery industry project with an annual output of 20GWh in Bishan District, Chongqing;

On September 9, the signing ceremony of BYD's 30GWh power battery project was held in Xi'an High-tech Zone. The project plans to invest a total of 12 billion yuan. After completion, it will become another "super factory" in the power battery industry;

2.2 BAIC New Energy

Company Name: Beijing New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd.

Location: Beijing, China

Founded: 2009

Research direction: Mainly engaged in technical research on the assembly of new energy vehicle power modules (specifically including power module motor system assembly, power module battery system assembly and power module electronic control system assembly), electric passenger vehicle production, etc.

Main products: The permanent magnet synchronous motor of BAIC New Energy is independently developed by it. In addition to the advantages of high power and large torque, it also has the advantages of small size, light weight and high reliability;

1. Permanent magnet synchronous motor

BAIC BJEV uses advanced electromagnetic design technology, multi-objective limit design, multi-field accurate analysis and system integration simulation technology applicable to new energy passenger vehicles to achieve a significant performance improvement.

The rated power of the motor is 160kW, and the starting acceleration is fast, which is equivalent to the torque output of a 2.0T engine, and the system output torque is large

2. e-Motion Drive super electric drive technology

The e-Motion Drive 2.0 intelligent electric drive not only breaks through innovations in hardware, but also develops a self-learning system in terms of software. Compared with the first-generation system such as the front cabin, four units are simplified into one assembly At the same time, through the integrated and intelligent management of vehicle batteries, motors, and electronic control systems, compared with the first-generation electric drive system, the number of main components is reduced by 30%, and the weight is reduced by 20%; the energy conversion rate is increased to 97%. %.

Cooperative enterprises: BAIC New Energy, Changhe Suzuki

Latest news: In 2017, BAIC BJEV's annual installed capacity reached 99,429 units, mainly supplying BAIC BJEV and Changhe Suzuki, of which 98,506 units were supplied to BAIC BJEV, accounting for over 99%; only 923 units were supplied to Changhe Suzuki.

At the beginning of September, BAIC New Energy acquired related assets of BAIC's Huanghua base, which will be used to build an economical pure electric vehicle production base to improve the industrial layout of BAIC New Energy.

On September 12, equipped with the latest motor products, BAIC New Energy EU5 was officially launched in the Central Plains region. EU5 is positioned as a "new model of artificial intelligence cars". According to the length of mileage, it is divided into two versions: R500 and R550. Among them, the R500 has a battery life of 416 kilometers and a constant speed of 520 kilometers; the R550 has a battery life of 460 kilometers and a constant speed of 570 kilometers.

2.3 Yutong Bus

Company Name: Zhengzhou Yutong Bus Co., Ltd.

Location: Zhengzhou, China

Founded: 1997

Research direction: Import business of raw and auxiliary materials, mechanical equipment, instruments and meters, spare parts and related technologies required for scientific research; operating the company's incoming material processing and "three to one supplement" business; bus and accessories, accessories, bus chassis design, production and sales; mechanical processing, technology development of automobiles and parts

Main products: The "Rui Control" bus control system independently developed by Yutong Bus, through the electronic control system, the five systems of vehicle control, vehicle energy, electrical accessories, motor drive and power make the electric bus run more efficiently

1. "Ruikong" bus control system

The "drive electrification" of Yutong buses is realized by the control of dual motors. The power transmission route of the whole vehicle is the engine, ISG motor, drive motor, transmission shaft, and main reducer. Two driving modes of hybrid drive, replace the traditional gearbox with high-efficiency motor, realize stepless speed change, improve driving comfort and improve reliability at the same time.

Cooperative enterprises: Yutong Bus, Dayun Automobile

Latest news: On August 28, 2018, in Zhengzhou, Henan, Yutong's new generation of commercial passenger car CL6 finally unveiled its mystery and officially released it to the market. This is another major product move of Yutong following the new upgrade of the whole series of new energy buses and "dual-configuration" hydrogen fuel cell buses this year.

On August 31, 2018, the Henan Provincial Delegation attending the 6th China-Eurasia Expo visited and inspected the Urumqi Branch of Zhengzhou Yutong Bus Co., Ltd. During the visit, He Songhao pointed out that Yutong Bus is a well-known brand product in Henan, and choosing to invest and build a large-scale branch in Xinjiang will play an important role in the development of local economy in Xinjiang and in promoting the export of Yutong Bus to five countries in Central Asia.

3. Professional motor control manufacturer

3.1 Dayang Motor's new power

Company name: Dayang Electric New Power Technology Co., Ltd.

Location: Zhongshan, China

Founded: 2000

Research direction: Dayang Electric is widely used in household appliances, automobiles, motorcycles, electric locomotives, bread machines, automatic control and other industries. The products involve single-phase capacitor asynchronous motors, shaded pole motors, DC motors, single-phase series motors, external rotor capacitors Technical research on the operation of six series of single-phase asynchronous motors and more than 500 varieties

Main products: The company's permanent magnet synchronous motors and drive system products for vehicles have the characteristics of high efficiency, wide range of high-efficiency work, large speed range and low torque pulse. Dayang Motor currently produces products with a wide power range, including 7.5kW, 15kW, 20kW, 30kW, 60kW, 110kW and 130kW series, which are widely used in 2T--8T urban sanitation vehicles, 12m pure electric buses, Midi cars (Foton ), Saab cars, etc.

Cooperative enterprises: Beiqi Foton, SAIC, FAW, Jianghuai Automobile and other enterprises

Latest news: At present, batch supply to BAIC New Energy, Beiqi Foton, Beijing Hyundai and Changan Automobile has been realized;

Dayang Motor stated on the investor interaction platform on August 23 that the company is an important supplier of BAIC New Energy, and its main supporting models include EV, EU, EX, and ARCFOX.

3.2 Shanghai EDRIVE

Company name: Shanghai Electric Drive Co., Ltd. (now acquired by Dayang Electric)

Location: Shanghai, China

Founded: 2008

Research direction: Mainly engaged in the R&D, production and sales of electric drive systems for new energy vehicles

Main products: At present, the company has formed a research and development platform suitable for hybrid and plug-in passenger cars, fuel cell and pure electric cars, hybrid and plug-in cars, small pure electric cars, etc., and has formed a series of products covering The power range of 3kW-200kW has been established, and more than 200 varieties of electric drive system products have been developed for domestic and foreign vehicle manufacturers.

1. The 35kW drive system and 35kW two-in-one system are suitable for passenger cars, with peak power: 35kW, rated power: 18 kW, applicable models: A00-class models, Zhidou D2 and Zhidou D3 are equipped with Shanghai Electric driven motor.

2. Double planetary row system suitable for commercial vehicles, peak power: drive 150kW, rated power: drive 100kW, applicable models: hybrid over 10 meters

Cooperative enterprises: Geely, Huatai, Chery, SAIC Motor, etc.

The latest news: The company's products are widely used in domestic and foreign well-known vehicle companies such as FAW Group, Chery, Dongfeng, Changan, Brilliance, Geely, GAC, Great Wall, SAIC, Shanghai, Volkswagen, Volkswagen, BAIC Group, Chongqing Yu'an, Jiangling, etc. application.

In January 2018, Shanghai Electric Drive and Dongfeng Industrial Co., Ltd. established a joint venture company to develop new energy vehicle powertrain systems.

3. CATL

Company Name: Ningde Times Motor Technology Co., Ltd.

Location: Shanghai

Founded: 2017

Research direction: Mainly for electric motor manufacturing, automotive engine manufacturing, generator and generator set manufacturing, micro motor and component manufacturing and other technology research and development; engaged in new energy vehicle motor, electronic control and key parts research and development and production

Main products: Its generator is the only generator in China that has been certified by UL in the United States; its products are mainly concentrated in the fields of commercial vehicles, buses, logistics vehicles, environmental protection vehicles, etc., and have covered motors, electronic controls, control software, electric drive assembly into its core components.

1. Water-cooled synchronous drive dual motors

The driving motor runs for a long time and has a wide operating speed range, and the engine is connected to the SG generator to improve efficiency to a greater extent. Currently equipped with King Long hybrid 12m buses, achieving a fuel saving rate of 46.9%

2. Water-cooled permanent magnet synchronous drive motor

It adopts the design of embedded permanent magnet + high excitation capacity rotor, and is equipped with two patented technologies for power motor winding and armature manufacturing. Small size, light weight, high speed, motor efficiency greater than 95%, relatively strong environmental adaptability. At present, complete vehicle supply has been carried out in Jinlong, Sinotruk and other car companies.

Cooperative enterprises: CRRC, King Long, Geely, Weichai Power, Sinotruk and other enterprises

The latest news: At present, Times Motor has the development capabilities of new energy pure electric buses, minibuses, commercial vehicles, sedans, sweepers, forklifts and tricycles, as well as generators, drive motors and powertrains of hybrid vehicles. The products cover a full range of generators, drive motors and powertrain products;

In August 2018, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released the "Catalogue of Recommended Models for the Promotion and Application of New Energy Vehicles" (the ninth batch in 2018). This batch of recommended catalogs includes a total of 288 models from 108 companies. The first place, reaching 82 models, accounting for about 28% of the number of supporting power batteries this time;

4. Jingjin Electric

Company Name: Jingjin Electric Technology Co., Ltd.

Location: Beijing

Founded: 2008

Research direction: research and development of automotive and industrial clean energy technology, electric drive technology, sales of self-developed products, and technical consultation

Main products: Products include drive motor systems for electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles and other new energy vehicles. Jingjin Electric has successfully developed a 140kW drive motor and a 100kW high-performance generator and drive motor.

1.140kW drive motor

Applicable to the pure electric power system of small/compact cars, peak power: drive 140kW; the maximum efficiency of the motor reaches 96%

2.100kW high-performance generator

Suitable for small car/MPV/SUV plug-in hybrid system, peak power: drive 140kW.

Partners: Great Wall, GAC, Geely, Xiaopeng Motors, Fisker Automobiles

Latest news: This year, Jingjin Electric provides supporting motor services for many car companies, including Geely Automobile, GAC Motor, GAC Mitsubishi and Haima Automobile, and in July, the installed capacity of drive motors for new energy passenger cars ranked No. 1 in the country two.

5. Juyi

Company Name: Juyi Automation Equipment Co., Ltd.

Location: Anhui

Founded: 2005

Research direction: The first batch of national high-tech enterprises engaged in the research and development, production and sales of new energy vehicle motors and their control systems. The research covers intelligent manufacturing complete sets of automobiles and their key components and new energy vehicle electric drive systems.

Main products: Mainly produce permanent magnet synchronous motors, including 41KW electric drive system, 90KW electric drive system, 50KW electric drive system, 42KW electric drive system, etc.

1.90kw drive motor and its controller

Suitable for pure electric vehicles, rated power: 45kW; rated speed: 5000rpm

2.20kw drive motor and its controller

Suitable for hybrid vehicles, rated power: 10kW; peak speed: 5500rpm

Cooperative enterprises: Jianghuai Automobile, Chery Automobile, Yundu Automobile, etc.

The latest news: In 2017, the total installed capacity of Anhui Juyi Power was 27,065 sets, of which 16,983 sets were equipped with JAC's models, mainly including JAC iEV7s, JAC iEV6E and other hot-selling models, and also provided motor support for Chery eQ1.

On April 12, 2018, the 2018 New Energy Vehicle Power Transmission System and Assembly and Testing Technology Development Forum, sponsored by Juyi Automation Equipment Co., Ltd. and co-organized by China Automobile Manufacturing Equipment Innovation Alliance, officially kicked off in Hefei.

In June and July 2018, the installed capacity of drive motors for new energy passenger vehicles in Hefei Juyi ranked third in the country, with nearly 5,000 units.

1. The importance of electric motor control

As a substitute for traditional fuel vehicles, the main electrical system of new energy vehicles is the "three major electrical systems" of the electric powertrain system extended on the basis of the "three small electrical systems" (air conditioning, steering, and braking) of traditional vehicles—— Batteries, motors, electric controls. Among them, the motor and electronic control system are used as substitutes for the functions of the traditional engine (gearbox), and their performance directly determines the main performance indicators of electric vehicles such as climbing, acceleration, and maximum speed.

At the same time, the working conditions faced by the motor and electronic control system of new energy vehicles are relatively complex: they need to be able to start and stop frequently, accelerate and decelerate, require high torque at low speeds/climbing, require low torque at high speeds, and have a large speed range; The power car also needs to handle special functions such as motor starting, motor power generation, and braking energy feedback. In addition, the energy consumption of the motor directly determines the cruising range with a fixed battery capacity. Therefore, the electric vehicle drive system has special requirements on load requirements, technical performance and working environment:

First, the drive motor should have a higher energy density to achieve light weight and low cost, and adapt to the limited interior space of the car. At the same time, it should have energy feedback capability to reduce the energy consumption of the whole vehicle;
Second, the drive motor has both high-speed wide speed regulation and low-speed high torque to provide high starting speed, climbing performance and high-speed acceleration performance;
Third, the electronic control system must have high control precision, high dynamic response rate, and provide high safety and reliability at the same time.

As an important part of the new energy vehicle industry chain, the motor electronic control system has a direct impact on the performance and cost of the vehicle due to its technology and manufacturing level. At present, the degree of autonomy in the field of motor and electronic control in China is still far behind that of batteries, and some core components of motor and electronic control, such as IGBT chips, still do not have complete independent production capacity, and vehicle companies and parts companies with complete intellectual property rights of the system Still a minority. With the gradual improvement of the domestic motor and electronic control system industry chain, the localization rate of the motor and electronic control system is gradually increasing, and the growth rate of the motor and electronic control market is expected to exceed the growth rate of the new energy vehicle market.

Application of battery, motor and electronic control in new energy vehicles

In addition, with the advancement of lightweight vehicle body structure, the cost of batteries, motors, and electronic control systems in new energy vehicles is also gradually increasing. According to statistics from the Argonne National Laboratory, the cost of the new energy vehicle powertrain (motor, electronic control, transmission) accounts for 15.67% (car) and 13.69% (minivan) of the vehicle cost respectively, the proportion of which is second only to Battery and BMS system. Driven by the policy of gradually reducing subsidies for new energy vehicles, the pressure of powertrain cost and weight reduction will gradually be transmitted upward to motor and electronic control product manufacturers. Advantage. Therefore, the motor electronic control market still largely affects the trend of the new energy vehicle market.

2. Permanent magnet synchronous and AC asynchronous motors have become the mainstream technology of drive motors

Electric motors are widely used in industry, with wide power coverage and many types. However, since new energy vehicles have higher requirements on drive motors in terms of power, torque, volume, quality, and heat dissipation, compared with industrial motors, new energy vehicle drive motors must have better performance, such as: small size To adapt to the limited interior space of the vehicle, wide operating temperature range (-40~1050C), adapt to unstable working environment, high reliability to ensure the safety of the vehicle and occupants, high power density to provide good acceleration performance (1.0-1.5 kW/kg), etc., so the types of drive motors are relatively small, the power coverage is relatively narrow, and the products are relatively concentrated.

Classification of drive motors for new energy vehicles

At present, the drive motors used in new energy vehicles mainly include DC motors, AC motors and switched reluctance motors. Among them, motors that are widely used in the field of passenger cars and commercial vehicles include DC (brushless) motors, AC induction (asynchronous) motors, permanent magnet synchronous motors, switched reluctance motors, etc. Other special types of drive motors include in-wheel/wheel-side motors, hybrid excitation motors, multi-phase motors, and dual mechanical port energy converters (Dmp-EVT). Currently, there are few market applications, and it will take longer to see if they can be promoted on a large scale. Model verification.

　　(1) AC asynchronous motor, also known as induction motor (Induction Motor), inputs three-phase AC power in the stator winding, and the excitation current in the stator winding generates a rotating magnetic field in the stator core. At this time, there is an induced current in the rotor winding. And push the rotor to rotate. When the rotor has a mechanical load, the rotor current increases, and the excitation current in the stator winding also increases due to electromagnetic induction. AC asynchronous motor controller adopts pulse width modulation (PWM) to realize power conversion from high-voltage DC to three-phase AC, uses frequency converter to realize motor speed regulation, uses vector control or direct torque control to realize fast response of torque control, and meets load requirements. Requirements for changing properties.

　　The advantages of the AC asynchronous motor are simple structure, no direct contact between the stator and the rotor, high operational reliability, high speed and low maintenance cost. The disadvantages are that the energy consumption is high, the rotor heats up quickly, and an additional cooling system is required under high-speed conditions; the power factor is low, and a large-capacity frequency converter is required, which is expensive and poor in speed regulation. At present, AC asynchronous motors are mainly used in electric passenger cars, logistics vehicles, commercial vehicles and other models with low space requirements and low speed performance requirements.

　　(2) Permanent Magnetic Motor (Permanent Magnetic Motor) includes permanent magnet synchronous motor (sine wave) and permanent magnet brushless DC motor (square wave). The rotors are made of permanent magnet materials, and the stator uses three-phase windings. , the input modulated square wave generates a rotating magnetic field to drive the permanent magnet rotor to rotate. The advantages of permanent magnet synchronous motors lie in their large torque and drive efficiency, high power density and wide speed range, and no excitation loss and heat dissipation problems. The motor structure is simple, and its volume is more than 15% smaller than that of asynchronous motors of the same power. ; Its disadvantage is that the control is complex during high-speed operation, the problem of permanent magnet demagnetization is difficult to solve at present, and the cost of the motor is relatively high. At present, permanent magnet synchronous motors are mainly used in the field of electric passenger vehicles that are small in size and require high speed and handling performance. Some small and medium-sized passenger cars have also begun to try to use permanent magnet motors as the driving source. Permanent magnet brushless DC motors are generally widely used in the fields of low-power electric vehicles and low-speed electric vehicles.

　　(3) The stator and rotor core of the switched reluctance motor are made of laminated silicon steel sheets. The slots on the punched sheets are used to form a double salient pole structure. The stator generates a distorted magnetic field, using the "minimum reluctance principle ” to drive the rotor to move. Switched reluctance motor has simple structure and control, large output, high reliability, low cost, good starting and braking performance, high operating efficiency, but high motor noise, but serious torque ripple and serious nonlinearity, which is beneficial in electric vehicle drive There are disadvantages, and the current application of electric vehicles is less.

　　(4) DC Motor (DC Motor) generates a magnetic field by winding an excitation coil on the main magnetic pole of the stator and passing a direct current, and the armature winding of the rotor is also connected with a direct current, and the electrified winding is placed in the magnetic field to output an electromagnetic torque to drag the load to run . The DC motor controller generally adopts thyristor pulse width modulation (PWM), which has good control performance, high smoothness of speed regulation, simple control, mature technology, and low cost. The disadvantage of DC motors is that independent brushes and commutators are required, resulting in limited speed improvement; brushes are easy to wear and tear, and maintenance costs are high. DC motors are mostly used in early electric vehicle drive systems, and are basically no longer used in newly developed models.

　　Performance comparison of different types of motors

　　At present, the motors used in new energy vehicles are mainly AC induction motors and permanent magnet synchronous motors. Among them, Japanese and Korean cars currently mostly use permanent magnet motors, which have a relatively high speed range and efficiency, but need to use expensive system permanent magnet materials NdFeB; European and American cars mostly use AC induction motors, the main reason is that for rare earth Due to the lack of resources and the consideration of reducing the cost of the motor, its disadvantages are mainly the small speed range and low efficiency, and a speed controller with higher performance is required to match the performance. Tesla uses an AC induction motor of its own design in its current-generation models, the Model S and Model X.

Types of motors suitable for foreign new energy vehicles

　　my country is rich in rare earth resources, so electric passenger vehicles mostly use permanent magnet synchronous motors with high power performance and small size. According to statistics from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, in the first half of 2016, the production and sales of pure electric vehicles in my country reached 134,000 and 126,000, respectively, a year-on-year increase of 160.8% and 161.6%, respectively. In the first half of the year, about 70,000 pure electric passenger vehicles were produced, of which the installed capacity of permanent magnet synchronous motors accounted for about 65.7%, an increase of 21.25 percentage points over the same period in 2015, and an increase of 19.99 percentage points over the entire year of 2015.

　　During the same period, the market share of domestically produced AC asynchronous motors for new energy passenger vehicles has gradually decreased, from 35.1% in the first half of 2015 to 32.9% in the first half of 2016; 0.03% rose to 1.10%. Although the absolute proportion is still relatively small, the installed capacity is expected to maintain a small and stable growth trend. In the future, it is possible to take the lead in making breakthroughs in the field of pure electric passenger vehicles.

　　Changes in Motor Installed Capacity of Domestic Pure Electric Passenger Vehicles from 2015 to 2016

　　Electronic control system integration is the future development trend

　　Motor controllers have been used in the on-board motors of traditional automobiles. Through power electronic devices such as power semiconductors and microprocessors, the functions of regulating the automotive air-conditioning compressors and power steering pump motors are realized by means of medium and low voltage frequency conversion. Electric vehicle motor controller, as a device to control the drive motor of electric vehicles, controls the speed, torque and steering of the drive motor by receiving the control information transmitted by the vehicle controller and the control mechanism (brake pedal, accelerator pedal, shifting mechanism). control, and at the same time control the output of the power battery accordingly.

　　At present, some "all-in-one" electronic control products have been put into application in electric vehicles. ISG motors, etc. With the gradual wide application of microchips in vehicle and assembly control, the cost of all-in-one electronic control products is expected to further decrease, and single controllers will gradually be replaced by integrated "vehicle central controllers".

　　Electronic control system is at the core of new energy vehicles

　　The design and calibration of the electronic control system are highly related to the motor system. Depending on the matching motor, the electronic control system needs to develop different technology platforms. Early DC motors are generally controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) chopper control, the control method is relatively simple, and the application is also limited. With the extensive use of induction motors and permanent magnet motors, the complexity of the electronic control system has risen rapidly. Vector control technology and direct torque control technology have become the mainstream technology of electronic control products. The level of integration required is getting higher and higher. It is foreseeable that in the future, the degree of business intersection between motor and electronic control companies will gradually increase, and companies that can provide integrated powertrain products with motor and electronic control will

help vehicle manufacturers to further reduce vehicle weight and cost, and will have greater potential. competitiveness.

　　Electric control methods used by different types of motors

　　Domestic substitution is imperative, and the integration of the motor and electronic control industry is accelerating

　　As the second of the "three major electric vehicles" of new energy vehicles, compared with the rapid development and high attention of the power battery industry, the domestic motor and electronic control industry is relatively "low-key". We believe that there are two main reasons why the motor and electronic control industry receives less market attention than batteries. First, the new energy vehicle motor and electronic control industry basically started simultaneously with the domestic electric vehicle market. Processes such as production and sales are in the stage of exploration and improvement, and the standards and systems for the motor and electronic control supporting industry have not yet been formed;

　　Second, lithium batteries have been used in 3C and other fields for nearly 20 years. The industry has formed a relatively complete technical standard and product system. There are certain references and references for switching to power batteries. The technical route of new energy vehicle motors and industrial motors There is a big difference between requirements and requirements, and a large part of professional enterprises are still entrepreneurial enterprises within 10 years, and the industry has not yet formed a clear and stable market structure. At present, manufacturers of drive motors for new energy vehicles mainly include two categories: the first category is electric vehicle manufacturers with motor and electronic control supply chains, and their own production capacity or related supply chain companies supply them with all or part of the motors and electronics. control products, and a small amount of motor and electronic control products of some OEMs are also exported. Such enterprises are generally traditional automobile manufacturing enterprises. After years of accumulation, they have complete parts production capacity. At present, among domestic OEMs, BYD, BAIC New Energy, Jiangling New Energy, Changan New Energy, Zhongtong Bus, Xiamen Jinlong and other enterprises have the ability to independently supply motor and electronic control products.

　　The second category is companies specializing in the supply of auto parts or motor electronic control products, including professional auto parts suppliers such as ZF, Continental, Bosch, Hitachi Hitachi), Hyundai Mobis (Mobis) and other international automobile supply giants; and emerging professional motor and electronic control manufacturing companies at home and abroad, such as Shanghai Electric Drive, Shanghai Dajun, Jingjin Electric, Taiwan Fukuta, etc.

In addition, some traditional industrial motors, frequency converters and other manufacturers also rely on the accumulation of technology in R&D and production, and actively transform and participate in the supply of new energy vehicle motor and electronic control related products, such as Inovance Technology, INVT, Wolong Electric, Founder Motor, Jiangte Motor, etc.

Source distribution of Chinese new energy vehicle motor installed capacity (January-July 2016)

　　According to industry statistics, among the more than 180,000 pure electric vehicles produced in China from January to July 2016, the installed motors provided by OEMs and third-party motor companies accounted for 55.4% and 44.6% respectively. The proportions of electronic control installations provided by third-party electronic control companies are 56.2% and 43.8%, respectively, and the proportions are basically the same.

Source distribution of domestic new energy vehicle electric control installed capacity (January-July 2016)

　　At present, most domestic electric vehicles are still produced by traditional automobile companies such as BAIC and BYD. Therefore, the proportion of self-powered electrical control components of vehicle companies is relatively large. Considering that the number of newly-built new energy vehicle companies approved in 2016 has reached 7, and many of them have no experience in vehicle production, such as Changjiang Automobile, Min'an Automobile, and Wanxiang Group. With the rapid rise of professional manufacturing companies, especially asset-light Internet car companies, the division of labor in the new energy vehicle industry chain has become an inevitable trend, and the proportion of third-party suppliers providing motors, electronic controls and even powertrains will gradually increase.

　　According to statistics on installed capacity of new energy vehicles published by China Machinery Center, from January to July 2016, there were 92 third-party motor companies and 98 third-party electric control companies, providing 44.6% and 43.8% of the installed capacity respectively. Third-party motor and electronic control companies have the highest market share in the third-party market of only 14.5% and 18.4% respectively, and their market shares in the overall motor and electronic control market are only 6.48% and 8.07%. The entire motor and electronic control market is still in an undetermined competitive landscape, and no company has yet formed a dominant advantage over the market. Transformed companies and emerging companies have the opportunity to stand out in the market and quickly gain a larger market share.

Proportion of installed capacity of third-party motors for new energy vehicles (January-July 2016)

Proportion of third-party electronic control installed capacity of new energy vehicles (January-July 2016)

　　Import substitution has a long way to go, and the refinement of the industrial chain is imperative

　　On October 26, 2016, the "Technical Roadmap for Energy-Saving and New Energy Vehicle Technology" released at the annual meeting of the Society of Automotive Engineers of China, proposed the battery life of pure electric passenger vehicles in 2020 in the technical roadmap of pure electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The mileage should reach 300km, and the power consumption per unit load of electric buses should be reduced to 3.5kWh/100km*t. At the same time, 8 development priorities were put forward, 4 of which were directly related to motor electronic control: power motor and chassis integration technology, pure electric vehicle power System integration and control technology, high-performance power motor technology, new motor controller technology.

New energy vehicle driving range (left axis) and power consumption level (right axis) development goals

　　Compared with power batteries, which have initially established a research and development technology system in China, the research and development of high-performance electric drive systems is still in its infancy in China, and most high-performance motors with innovative structures (such as) are still in the prototype development or even design stage. The rapid development of the electric drive system industry chain has given every company the opportunity to stand out in terms of products and technologies, and quickly seize the downstream electric vehicle market.

　　The cost of raw materials is high, and integration and light weight are the only way to reduce the cost of motors

　　Different from the power battery system, the drive motor system has relatively simple requirements for raw materials, mainly including rare earth permanent magnet materials (permanent magnets) such as NdFeB, steel (iron core laminations, drive shaft body), copper (winding), magnesium Aluminum alloy (casing) and other basic metals. Therefore, raw material costs and processing costs occupy the vast majority of motor costs.

Cost ratio of each component of permanent magnet synchronous motor (%)

　　According to ANL statistics, in permanent magnet synchronous motors, the cost of permanent magnet components accounts for about 45% of the entire motor material cost; in induction motors, the cost of iron core laminations accounts for about 58% of the motor material cost. Therefore, the price of non-ferrous metal materials such as rare earth materials, steel, copper and aluminum will have the most direct impact on the cost of the motor.

　　Cost ratio of each component of AC induction motor (%)

　　According to the data of companies such as Huayu Electric, the weight of rare earth magnets only accounts for 2.5-4.5% of the weight of the whole machine, but the cost has already accounted for 20-30% of the cost of the entire vehicle drive motor. When the price of rare earths rises, it can even reach 50- 60%. Therefore, fluctuations in raw material costs have a direct impact on motor production costs.

　　Since the rare earth export quota system was abolished in 2015, my country's annual rare earth oxide mining volume index has remained at about 80,000 to 100,000 tons. Considering the amount of illegal rare earth mining and separation, the annual domestic supply of rare earths is about 160,000 tons. In the case of stable downstream demand, the price of rare earth permanent magnet materials generally shows a steady and downward trend, but the price of rare earth is basically at the bottom, and there is little room for a continued sharp decline in the future. In December 2016, the price of neodymium metal reached 321,500 yuan/ton, an increase of 10% compared to last year, and the highest increase was close to 20%.

　　In terms of raw materials, steel was affected by the rising prices of upstream coke, iron ore and other raw materials. The price of non-oriented silicon steel rebounded rapidly in 2016, rising rapidly from 3,250 yuan/ton in December 2015 to a high of 7,500 yuan/ton at the end of the year. , approaching the 2011 price high. At the same time, as of January 5, 2017, the spot copper prices in the Yangtze River and South China both reached 45,400 yuan/ton, an increase of about 1,000 yuan per ton from the beginning of 2016.

　　Considering the coordinated implementation of rare earth storage and anti-smuggling policies, and European and American electric vehicle manufacturers including Tesla turning to the permanent magnet synchronous technology route, the next 2-3 years may usher in a tightening of the rare earth supply side and an expansion of the demand side. Due to the double squeeze, rare earth prices may rebound sharply; under the dual pressure of supply-side reforms and the introduction of environmental protection taxes, the capacity reduction of steel is still at the top of the list of "three cuts, one reduction and one supplement", and the possibility of price consolidation at a high level in 2017 is relatively low. big. Under the joint action of multiple factors, the pressure on the cost of materials for motor manufacturers will rise rapidly. Motor manufacturers can only quickly reduce the metal consumption of a single motor and increase the power density of the motor through technological innovation, so as to cope with the decline in the price of upstream complete vehicles and the downstream Rising pressure on raw material costs.

　　The national 13th five-year new energy vehicle key research and development plan clearly stated that by 2020, the peak power density of drive motors in my country should reach 4.0kW/kg, the continuous power density should reach 2.2kW/kg, and the power density of electronic controllers based on IGBT power modules should reach 4.0kW/kg. 17kW/L, the electric controller power density of the Sic power module based on the third-generation wide-range semiconductor reaches 36kW/L, doubling the current performance. Under this goal, the reduction of the cost of electric motor control is generally achieved in two ways:

　　1) Reduce the total weight of the system by launching a highly integrated electric drive assembly, thereby increasing the kilometer density and reducing costs. For example, the power electronics and drive motor assembly, drive motor and reducer launched by companies such as Continental and Magna Assemblies, hybrid powertrain modules, etc., this method is generally adopted by European and American enterprises;

　　2) Reduce the weight and cost of the system by using non-metallization of some components, including rotating pivots, supporting components, etc., and replace them with wear-resistant non-metallic materials, or through structural design, including motor pole-slot ratio, tooth-slot ratio and split ratio Multiple optimizations are carried out to increase the material consumption of a single motor. This method is mostly adopted by motor companies such as Japan and South Korea.

There is still a considerable gap between the peak and continuous power of domestic motors and the world's advanced level (kW/kg)

　　The localization of core components will greatly reduce the cost of electronic control systems

　　As the most important part of the vehicle drive system, the motor controller is mainly composed of inverter (mainly IGBT power module), inverter driver, power module, central control module, soft start module, protection module, heat dissipation system signal detection module and other components. Among them, the IGBT module is the core high-voltage control switch component, and its cost accounts for 40-50% of the cost of the motor controller; according to industry statistics, the IGBT device accounts for about 10% of the cost of the new energy vehicle. Therefore, as the core components of new energy vehicles, the cost of core components such as IGBT and DSP directly determines the cost reduction space of motor controllers and other assemblies.

　　The difference between the application of IGBT in electric vehicles and the localization of frequency converters has been initially completed, and the market share of domestic brands has surpassed that of foreign brands. At present, the industrial layout of IGBT chips and modules has not yet been fully formed in China, and the high-end market share is still lower than that of foreign companies. Brands vary widely. More than 70% of the domestic IGBT device market, especially high-end high-power semiconductors are still mainly occupied by American and Japanese companies such as Infineon, Mitsubishi, Fairchild, Toshiba, Fuji, SEMIKRON, Sanken, IXYS, ST, BYD, CRRC Times Electric and other enterprises have shared the remaining market through self-construction or acquisition of overseas IGBT production capacity.

　　Motor Control Cost Splitting

　　With the gradual evolution of the electric drive system of electric vehicles towards high speed range, high power density (including high speed and high torque density), light weight, high efficiency, energy feedback, high reliability and safety, and low cost, the motor , electric control, BMS and other assemblies will be more and more widely used for high-power semiconductor switching devices.

　　Market share of world brands in China's IGBT market in 2015

　　In addition, high-speed rail speed control systems, flexible DC transmission, wind power/photovoltaic inverters, charging pile DC modules and other fields will have large-scale demand for IGBTs and their modular products. It is expected that only new energy vehicles and charging The pile market can drive the annual IGBT demand to about 20 billion yuan. Stimulated by the downstream market, the domestic IGBT industry has shown a trend of accelerated expansion. China Resources Shanghua, SMIC, Grace Semiconductor, Hua Hong NEC and other enterprises have accelerated production capacity construction. While the market size has expanded, prices have continued to decline.

Comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of various new energy motors

The drive motor is one of the three main parts of the new energy vehicle. If the battery system is the blood of the electric vehicle and the electronic control system is the brain of the electric vehicle, then the motor system is the heart of the electric vehicle. In the new energy vehicle, the electric motor is used to replace the engine and under the control of the motor controller, the electric energy is converted into mechanical energy to drive the vehicle. It is the only driving device for pure electric vehicles.

survival of the fittest

At present, the classification of motors mainly includes four types: DC, AC induction, permanent magnet synchronous and switched reluctance. At present , permanent magnet synchronous motor is the mainstream type of motor due to its better performance . The price of the AC asynchronous motor is moderate, but the performance is slightly inferior, and it is used by some manufacturers in the United States and China. The main advantage of the switched reluctance motor lies in its lower price, but at the same time there are technical problems of noise and vibration . If these problems can be solved, the switched reluctance motor will have a large market. At this stage, the drive motors suitable for new energy vehicles mainly include permanent magnet synchronous, AC asynchronous and switched reluctance. Because of their different characteristics, each has its application occasions.

The permanent magnet synchronous motor is small in size, light in weight, high in power density, high in reliability, high in speed regulation accuracy, and fast in response; but its maximum power is low and its cost is high. Since the permanent magnet synchronous motor has the highest power density, its working efficiency can reach up to 97%, and it can output the maximum power and acceleration for the vehicle. Therefore, it is mainly used in new energy passenger vehicles that require the highest energy volume ratio.

AC asynchronous motors are low in price and reliable in operation; however, their low power density, complex control, and small speed range are inherent limitations. The price advantage makes it widely used in new energy buses.

Switched reluctance motors are low in price, simple and reliable in circuit, and wide in speed regulation range; however, they have large vibration and noise, complex control system, and will generate a large pulse current to the DC power supply, and are used in large passenger cars.

Comparison of drive motor performance indicators

New energy vehicle drive motors are developing toward the goals of: small and lightweight; high efficiency; better torque characteristics; long service life, high reliability; low noise; low price.

Permanent magnet synchronous motors become the mainstream trend

At present, the use of permanent magnet synchronous motors in China's new energy vehicles accounts for more than 90%, and AC asynchronous motors are mainly used by American car companies headed by Tesla and some European companies. On the one hand, this is related to Tesla’s initial choice of technology path. AC induction motors are cheap, and their large size does not hinder American cars ; Excellent.

The most widely used motors for new energy vehicles in other countries including China and Japan are still permanent magnet synchronous motors . Suitability to national road conditions is the main factor. Permanent magnet synchronous motors can still maintain high efficiency during repeated start and stop, acceleration and deceleration, and are the best choice for working conditions with limited high-speed road networks.

In addition, my country's rare earth reserves are abundant, and Japan's rare earth permanent magnet industry has a supporting foundation is also an important factor. Automobile companies such as Toyota, Honda, and Nissan in Japan basically use permanent magnet synchronous motor drive systems, such as Toyota's Prius and Honda's CIVIC. Because in Japan, there are many companies that supply rare earth magnets used in permanent magnet motors, and most of the cars run at low and medium speeds, so it is more appropriate to use permanent magnet synchronous motors with higher efficiency during acceleration and deceleration.

Japan is a world leader in the development of hybrid vehicles, the most famous of which is the Toyota Prius.

On the whole, new energy vehicle motors have high technical requirements, and permanent magnet synchronous motors have the most advantages. Drive motors are one of the three core components of new energy vehicles. Compared with traditional industrial motors, drive motors for new energy vehicles have higher technical requirements. From the perspective of comprehensive performance, the permanent magnet synchronous motor has the most advantages and can better represent the development direction of new energy vehicle drive motors.

Since China has extremely rich rare earth reserves and the motor technology is close to the world's advanced level, it is expected that permanent magnet motors will occupy the motor market of China's new energy vehicles for a long time.

Motor development technology trends

In general, permanent magnet synchronous motors have distinct advantages over induction motors. However, the current cruising range of pure electric vehicles is bound to be an extremely important indicator, and the high efficiency of permanent magnet synchronous motors can better improve the cruising range. Moreover , the successful development of NdFeB permanent magnets with high heat resistance and high magnetic properties and the further development and improvement of power electronic components have further improved the development of rare earth permanent magnet synchronous motors. But as far as the current development trend is concerned, the permanent magnet synchronous motor seems to have a better prospect.

With the rapid development of new energy vehicle drive technology, many new structures or new concept motors have been put into research. Among them, the new permanent magnet brushless motor is one of the most promising motors at present, including hybrid excitation type, hub type, double stator type, memory type and magnetic gear compound type. In addition, amorphous motors have also begun to enter the field of new energy vehicles. As a new generation of high-performance motors, their own advantages will definitely play a huge role in promoting the development of the new energy vehicle industry.

END

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